Involved in SBIR from the very earliest days, Atom Sciences, Inc. (ASI) was orginally focused to commercialization of Resonance Ionization (RI), a laser-based technology initially developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The initial work in characterization of materials was expanded to include biotechnology applications of RI that led to non-RI biotechnology projects. Atom Sciences thenshifted to research projects to develop improved DNA diagnostics. The common thread throughout these projects was the use of DNA arrays. DNA arrays (also known as DNA microarrays, genosensor chips, or DNA chips) are typically made up of arrays of single-stranded DNA segments bound to a solid substrate. The firm fell victim to the 2008+ recession and eventually closed it doors.